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Different types of modems (transducers) will be required for such a system. Note that FDMA is not necessarily contention-free: If each node is assigned a transmit frequency, several nodes may still attempt to address the same destination simultaneously. 1 Frequency-Division Multiple Access 21 several frequencies simultaneously. If each node is assigned a receive frequency, there is contention when more than one node tries to access the same destination. 2 Case Studies A simple case of FDMA was used in a sea experiment in 1997 to achieve fullduplex communication between the shore and a ship [3].

A transmitter sends (instead of the data packet) a control packet or a tone to inform the receiver and all neighbours that it has data to send and wants to reserve the channel for its transmission. The receiver replies, if the channel is free and not reserved for other transmissions in the receiver’s neighbourhood. After receiving that the channel is reserved, the transmitter can start the transmission of the data packet. This handshake shall guarantee freeness of strong interfering signals from neighbours, which would influence the SNR at the receiver, during the complete transmission of the data packet.

Chitre M, Shahabudeen S, Stojanovic M (2008) Underwater acoustic communications and networking: recent advances and future challenges. Marine Technol Soc J 42(1):103–116 Chapter 3 Medium Access Control Medium access control (MAC), also known as multiple access control, is a sublayer of the data link layer and manages access to the medium. In underwater networks, MAC protocols orchestrate the access to the acoustic communication channel. Without MAC, collisions of unsolicited modem signals may greatly degrade the overall network performance.

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